Mukamagwira ntchito ndi ma X-ray, chitetezo cha radiation chimayamba - ndizovuta kwambiri kwa aliyense. Kuwonekera kosafunikira kuyenera kupewedwa, ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwanga kosatetezedwa kunali kotetezeka kuti ndigwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali. Kotero ine disassembled dongosolo ndi kusunga pambuyo gulu la zithunzi.
Mnzanga wina anandipatsa chubu cha X-ray.
Imeneyi inali mphatso yeniyeni—yaulere, yophimbidwa ndi zotumiza. Koma sindimakonda kuvomereza zinthu pachabe. Monga momwe mwambi umanenera, “Wolandira mphatso ali ndi ngongole yachifundo,” ndinamuthandiza ndi ntchito zina. Poyamba ndinalibe dongosolo la izi: Ma X-ray ndi okwera kwambiri, ndipo sindimakonda machubu a elekitironi, omwe amafunikira mphamvu yamagetsi kwambiri komanso amakhala ndi zoopsa zachitetezo. Koma popeza ndinachipeza, ndinayenera kuyesa kuchiyatsa—kuchisiya chosagwiritsiridwa ntchito kukanakhala chiwonongeko ndi kusayamika.
Ndiye, Hei-ndinayatsa!
Zimenezo zinali nthabwala chabe. Zomwe zimatchedwa "kuwala" kwenikweni zimatanthauza kupanga X-ray - tiyeni tifotokoze kaye kuti X-ray ndi chiyani.
1 Mfundo
Ma X-ray anapezedwa ndi WK Roentgen mu 1895. Pamene ankaphunzira za machubu a cathode ray, anapeza mwangozi kuti cheza chosaoneka chimene amatulutsa chikhoza kupanga zinthu monga fluoresce, kulimbikitsa filimu yojambula zithunzi, ndi kuloŵa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Anazitcha "X-ray" chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo chosadziwika.
Fiziki yamakono imasonyeza kuti kuwala kowoneka kumachokera ku kusintha kwa maelekitironi a kunja kwa maatomu, pamene ma X-ray amachokera ku kusintha kwa nyukiliya ya atomiki ndi ma elekitironi amkati. Pamene ma elekitironi othamanga kwambiri amachepetsedwa ndi zinthu, ambiri amawombana ndi ma elekitironi akunja kuti apange kuwala ndi kutentha; ochepa amawombana ndi ma elekitironi amkati-chipolopolo kuti apange cheza chodziwika bwino (kuchokera ku kusintha kwa ma elekitironi mkati, kuwonetsa nsonga zosapitilira mu sipekitiramu, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pozindikiritsa zinthu), kapena kugundana ndi nyukiliya ya atomiki kuti ipange cheza cha bremsstrahlung (mphamvu yotulutsidwa ndi ma elekitironi opumira / opindika, kuwonetsa mawonekedwe a X-ray mosalekeza).
2. Chikhalidwe
Zinthu zitatu zimafunikira pakubadwa kwa X-ray: gwero la elekitironi, mtengo wa elekitironi wothamanga kwambiri, ndi chandamale chocheperako. Mu chubu cha X-ray: filament imakhala ngati gwero la electron (kupanga ma electron a thermionic pamene apatsidwa mphamvu); mtengo wothamanga kwambiri wa ma elekitironi umatheka kudzera pa mathamangitsidwe amphamvu kwambiri komanso vacuum yayikulu mkati mwa chubu; chandamale nthawi zambiri imakhala tungsten (kuchulukira kwakukulu, malo osungunuka kwambiri, conductive), ndi anode yomwe imakhala ngati chandamale komanso ma elekitirodi othamanga.
Chalk & Kutaya Kutentha: Chosanjikiza chachitsulo kunja kwa ulusi chimayang'ana mtengo wa elekitironi; chandamale cha tungsten chimakutidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa mkuwa wokhuthala komanso wokhala ndi mayendedwe okhuthala, onse kuti athetse kutentha. Kutengera 100kV ndi 2mA mwachitsanzo, mphamvu zosakwana 1% zimasinthidwa kukhala ma X-ray, ndipo 200W yotsalayo imayang'ana pa malo ang'onoang'ono a chandamale. Chifukwa chake, chubucho chimamizidwa m'mafuta otsekera kuti athe kusungunula komanso kutulutsa kutentha. Machubu ochepera mphamvu amadalira kuziziritsa kwamafuta, pomwe amphamvu kwambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kuziziritsa kwamadzi kapena ma anode ozungulira (kumwaza mphamvu). Chubu chochepa mphamvu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pano; kwa DIY, kutentha kwa kutentha kumatha kunyalanyazidwa pakanthawi kochepa, kocheperako.
3. Mfundo Zowonjezera
1.) Mphamvu & Kuwala: Mphamvu ya X-ray imayesedwa mu keV, ndi 1kV yofanana ndi 1keV. Magetsi okwera amatanthawuza mphamvu yamphamvu, kutalika kwa mafunde amfupi, komanso kulowa kwambiri. Mphamvu imatanthawuza mphamvu ya photon imodzi (wavelength), pamene kuwala kumatanthauza kuchuluka kwa photon. Kwa radiography ya pachifuwa, mphamvu zambiri zimathandizira kulowa, ndipo kuwala kwakukulu (kuwonjezera mphamvu ya filament) kumachepetsa nthawi yowonekera.
2.) Gulu la X-ray & Kapangidwe: Zipangizo zomwe zimakwaniritsa mikhalidwe ya vacuum yayikulu, mtengo wama elekitironi wothamanga kwambiri, ndi chandamale (mwachitsanzo, CRT, machubu a elekitironi) zitha kupanga ma X-ray. Ma X-ray ofewa (<25kV) ali ndi malowedwe ofooka (osadutsa pagalasi) ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa static; amatha kutulutsidwa kudzera m'machubu okhala ndi mazenera apadera a beryllium. Ma X-ray olimba (> 25kV) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pojambula ma radiography.
3.)Kuwonongeka kwa Radiation: Thupi la munthu limalekerera mulingo wina wa radiation yachilengedwe; kuchulukitsitsa kumabweretsa kuwonongeka. Ma X-ray omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa amatengedwa mosavuta komanso owopsa kuposa omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri (> 100keV yatsala pang'ono kulowa). Mammography amagwiritsa ntchito machubu okhala ndi mazenera owonda kuti atulutse ma X-ray opanda mphamvu, zomwe zimafuna kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala.
4.)Kuteteza Maganizo Olakwika: Mtsogoleri sungalowe m'malo - kuteteza kumadalira kulemera kwa atomiki ndi makulidwe, ndipo kunyezimira kwamphamvu kumatha kulowera kutsogolo kopyapyala. Uranium yatha, ngakhale cheza chofooka, ndi chishango chabwino kwambiri champhamvu cha γ-ray chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kwa atomiki.
4. Kuyendetsa Dera
Zomwe zili pamwambazi ndizongoyerekeza. Chotsatira ndikukhazikitsa ma chubu a X-ray.
Poyamba ndinaganiza zogula makina oyendetsa makina a X-ray pa Xianyu, koma izi zinatsutsana ndi mzimu wa DIY ndipo mabwalo anali okwera mtengo, choncho ndinasankha kumanga ndekha. Chubu cha X-ray chili ndi zikhomo zitatu: ziwiri za ulusi, ndi zochindikala za anode. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito, choyamba yatsani filament, kenaka ikani 10s mpaka 100s ya kV high voltage ku anode (kusunga mamA-level current) - X-ray idzatuluka kuchokera pawindo lakumbali.
